In this interview, Astrid Passin (VoT Germany), who lost her father in the 2016 Berlin terror attack, shares her journey from personal grief to activism for victims’ rights. Speaking with Marina Kazakova (Victim Support Europe), she reflects on the challenges survivors face, the urgent need for reforms in Germany’s victim support system, and her efforts to establish a national day of remembrance. Passin also highlights the impact of media coverage, the importance of psychological support, and the role of international collaboration in improving victim assistance. Her insights shed light on the ongoing fight for recognition and justice for those affected by terrorism.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: What motivated you to advocate for victims of terrorism after losing your father in the Berlin attacks?
Astrid Passin: On Christmas Eve, as I stood in a room with other relatives of the victims of the December 19, 2016 attack, I saw many tearful eyes that deeply touched me and showed me how much pain they were experiencing from their loss. My immediate intention was that from that moment on, we belonged together and would only get through this terrible time by supporting each other. Through this connection, the circle of those affected grew larger, and my desire to help increased even more.
Memorial for Astrid Passin’s father at the site of the attack.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: What were the biggest challenges you faced immediately after the attack, both personally and in dealing with the authorities?
Astrid Passin: I didn’t know where to start. The shock of losing my father overshadowed the necessity of protecting myself and my child. Who would take care of us while I was still trying to process the death? Whom could I trust? Who were my points of contact? Berlin was at a standstill, the authorities were in holiday Christmas mode, and for us, what should have been a festive season was filled with pain and grief.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: You have spoken about the psychological and bureaucratic difficulties victims face. In your opinion, what are the most urgent reforms needed in Germany’s victim support system?
Astrid Passin: I believe there is an urgent need for immediate support in several key areas. First, access to psychological care is crucial for personal health and well-being. Family caregivers are also essential, as they can assist with navigating bureaucratic processes, which can often be overwhelming. Financial aid is necessary to provide temporary relief for those who are struggling. I also think there should be only one assessment instead of multiple, and that assessment should be linked to a lifelong victim’s pension. Inclusion in memorial culture is important, as it helps to acknowledge and honor the experiences of victims. Finally, I feel it’s vital to include these issues in political and legal education efforts, ensuring that the experiences of victims are recognized and integrated into our societal understanding.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: How did the lack of immediate psychological support and recognition of PTSD affect survivors and bereaved families?
Astrid Passin (left) with the mayor of Berlin in 2024, 8th Remembrance Day.
Astrid Passin: It led to PTSD becoming chronic, often developing into a complex form.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: What role does the VSE survivors’ platform play in improving support for victims, and why did you decide to join?
Astrid Passin: There is nothing more important than a functioning network where one can exchange experiences with like-minded individuals and a platform that provides learning opportunities while also offering preventative support.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: You have advocated for a national day of remembrance for victims of terrorism in Germany. Why do you think this is so important?
Astrid Passin: When I approached our former Chancellor, Angela Merkel, with my request for a national day of remembrance for victims of terrorism in Germany, my plea fell on deaf ears. She believed that the national day of mourning—originally dedicated to the victims of World War II—was sufficient. But I disagreed. I went to parliament and reached out to all political parties to push for a national remembrance day.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: How do you think media coverage of terrorist attacks affects victims and their families, particularly regarding dignity and public awareness?
Astrid Passin: It is understandable that society seeks information and demands transparency. However, the media are bound by a press code, which is often disregarded—at the expense of those affected. Instead of hiding the attacker’s identity, victims are constantly shown the attacker’s image, which causes them more distress.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: What experiences have you had working with European and international organizations in the field of victims’ rights? Do you see meaningful progress?
Astrid Passin (Left) at a round table discussing victims’ rights.
Astrid Passin: Looking beyond Germany was one of the most crucial steps for me because there were already many offers and guidelines abroad that remained stuck in bureaucratic drawers here. Despite 9/11, the German government waited until terrorism struck on its own soil—costing innocent lives that could have been saved. Observing global developments and bringing in foreign best practices helped break up bureaucratic inertia within German authorities.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: What advice would you give to someone who has experienced a similar tragedy and is struggling with its aftermath?
Astrid Passin: Take care of yourself and your children—create moments that bring you comfort and take the time you need, no matter how long it takes. Connecting with other affected individuals can contribute to the healing process, provide solace during difficult times, and help piece together aspects of the emotional and bureaucratic struggle.
Marina Kazakova, VSE: What are your greatest hopes for the future of victim support and recognition in Germany and Europe?
Astrid Passin: The EU directives and UN resolutions designed for victim support must be fully implemented in Germany! These provisions should be legally binding because, otherwise, they remain subject to individual state approval, making implementation difficult under Germany’s federal system. Regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that legislative proposals are effectively enacted.
Just as victims should not have to constantly justify their needs, we need a higher and more lasting level of recognition.
